Developing organizational guidelines for ethics and IT Essay

Developing organizational guidelines for ethics and IT - Essay Example The company is also staffed with highly talented IT professional ranging from system analysts, network designers and developers. The company has however entrusted each and every member with access to all servers including the main server, owing to the nature of practice. As such, it is important that a code of ethics has to be maintained if the company is to remain in operation and continue to render its services to the clients. Other sources of vulnerability to the system emanates from the nature of services that the company provides in that, some of the users need to access our databases remotely using Internet Information Server (IIS) while the members of staff use the intranet (Tavani, 2004). To implement this, the company shall monitor the networks and in case anyone is found to have violated the code of ethics. Severe measures shall follow. For the first time violators, a written warning shall be accorded after which a dismissal shall follow in the subsequent

Foundation of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Foundation of Leadership Essay How do leaders of today become what they are now? What experiences did they gone through in stabilizing their foundations of good and ideal leadership? There are just too many aspects in life that will mold you to become an efficient leader. Every experience, person you will meet, and their ideals will contribute to create a leader out of you. 1. Create a diagram that demonstrates the interplay of your life. Include the aspects that you think are important. The diagram shows how an individual gain his skills and knowledge through social interaction. Personal experiences teach an individual what to do and what he will become in the future. The relationship and interaction with the people around you mold and stabilize your character. The work and experience that you have or have been engaged in will create the kind of leader you are or can be after surpassing circumstances and pressures. Your goals and desires will determine how far you can go. 2. What principles surfaced to you from your readings of Synchronicity? To what extent have you practiced any or all of the disciplines in the context of your personal life? Synchronicity, a book written by Joseph Jaworski, also discussed about important insights in leadership. He presented the value of servant leadership; wherein in an organization an individual is after the group instead of one’s self interest. Servant leaders should know how to listen, empathize, be aware, heal himself and the members, conceptualize, foresee, persuade, commit, and build his community. Servant leaders should also know how to keep the harmonious relationship among members. From my own experience, I have proven that servant leadership works. A leader who values the group members and their opinion has too far to go in leading. Listening, empathy and awareness are very important. Moreover, respect is also being gained in return. You can also expand and develop ideas through brainstorming. Jaworski also discussed the importance of advance planning and conceptualizing. You will be able to estimate and assume future events and circumstances, enabling you to know what to do or avoid in the future. Learning from the past is also important, past experiences can be one’s pattern in decision-making. Leadership skills can be developed and improved through one’s knowledge and experiences. Different styles can be used depending on the situation for a more efficient results, only proper decision-making should be done wisely. To be knowledgeable and ideal leader, explore the world and learn more things in life. Be responsible. 3. Locate one or more websites and journals that explore leadership traits and styles, and discuss management and leadership. A group of researchers led by Kurt Lewin, conducted an experiment in order to study and identify specific types of leadership. In result, the group established three major types: the authoritarian leadership (autocratic), Participative (democratic), and delegative (laissez-faire). (Kendra Van Wagner) In authoritarian leadership, clear expectations of all the details is provided such as what, when, and where something should be done. Leaders decide independently with a little contribution from the rest of the group, or even nothing at all. In this type of leadership, less creativity in decision-making is being formed by the group. However, it is applicable in situations wherein there is minimal time for group discussion or when the leader is the most knowledgable and reliable member of the group. (Kendra Van Wagner) Participative leadership allows everyone to take part in the discussion and decision-making processes and is guided by the leader. The output of the work lead by democratic leaders is more creative. Members are being more motivated and creative as the leader encourage them to participate, but preserve the final decision to him. (Kendra Van Wagner) Members under delegative leadership work independently with a little or no guidance at all from the leader and leave decision-making to the rest of the group. On the other hand, this style can be useful for members that are highly competent in an area of proficiency, but frequently results into weakly defined roles and lack of enthusiasm. (Kendra Van Wagner) Leadership goes hand in hand with management. Though the two are inseparable terms, it is important to know the distinction between them. Leadership deals with the concept and rationale while management is into the logistic details such as who, when and when. Leaders direct the organizarion while managers handle the process towards a certain goal. Leaders motivate others to go beyond their limit and explore whereas managers make others do what they need to do. Managers are focused on present circumstances; leaders conentrate on conceptualizing and foreseeing. Leaders plan; managers make things done. They have different jobs and responsibillities, yet the two are directly linked to each other. How can you plan for the future and lead if you don’t know how to manage and work things out? (Webb) Works Cited Jaworski, Joseph. Synchronicity: The Inner Path of Leadership . Berrett-Koehler Publishers; 1st ed edition , March 1996. Kendra Van Wagner. Leadership Theories. 2007. About. com. 26 September 2007 http://psychology. about. com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories. htm. Webb, Bert. My Two Cents: Leadership vs. Management. 26 September 2007 http://hwebbjr. typepad. com/openloops/2005/03/my_two_cents_le. html.

Analysis Of The Wheatstone Bridge

Analysis Of The Wheatstone Bridge This Term Paper is about topic Wheatstone Bridge. A Wheatstone bridge is a device which is used to find the unknown resisitance. It is an instrument or a circuit consisting of four resistors or their equivalent in series which is used to determine the value of an unknown resistance when the other three resistances are known. If talk in some little detail then wheatstone bridge contains the four resistance in which one is unkown resistance which we have to find ,one is variable resistance which is also called the rheostat of the circuit and two known resistance. It also contains the galvanometer for the detection of the current and it is also use to find the direction of current. The various use of wheatstone bridge is as under:- It is is used by electrical power distributors to accurately locate breaks in a power line. It is also used to monitor sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their internal resistance according to the specific level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the unknown resistor RX. Meter bridge, post office box and Carey Foster bridge are instruments based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge The basic use is to measure the unknown resistance. What is a wheatstone bridge? The wheatstone bridge is an instrument which is generally used to measure electrical resistance by balancing a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit contains four resistance, one of which contains the unknown resistance ,one variable resistance and two known resistance. Introductions to Wheatstone Bridge:- Wheatstone Bridge, a device for measuring electrical resistance. In wheat-stone bridge four resistance R1, R2, R3and R4are connected end to end with each other to form a closed loop. A sensitive galvanometer Gis connected between their junctions. One form of Wheatstone bridge is shown in the following example:- For example:- When the Wheatstone bridge is connected in an electrical circuit, part of the current flows to the object whose resistance is unknown and part of current flows to the resistor of known resistance. If more current flows through one side of the circuit than the other, the galvanometer shows the deflection. Due to potential difference create in between them when the current flows equally along both sides of the bridge then the galvanometer shows zero deflection. Thus the bridge is balanced, the unknown resistance is calculated by using formula. The formula is:- R1/R2=R3/R4 Where R1 is the unknown resistance. R2 is the variable resistance R3 and R4 are the known resistances Generally wheat-stone bridge is used to determine unknown resistances. Conditions for wheatstone bridge:- There are two conditions for wheatstone bridge which is as under:- Condition-1:Galvanometer is always in zero potential in the circuit. Condition-2:We should have to take one variable resistance. History of Wheatstone bridge:- [link 1] Wheatstones bridge circuit diagram. A Wheatstone bridgeis an electrical circuit invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. It is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of bridge contains the unknown component and variable component. Its operation is similar to the originalpotentiometer. Potentiometer :- [link 2] A potentiometeris an instrument for measuring the potential (voltage) in a circuit,they were used in measuring voltage. Creation of Wheatstone bridge by different scientists:- [link 5] 1) A scientist and mathematician, Samuel Hunter Christie, developed the circuit to measure unknown electrical resistances and first described it in 1833. The bridge worked because of the special diamond-shaped arrangement of the four resistors. Electrical current from a battery split into two parallel branches of the circuit. One consisted of a resistor with a fixed, known resistance and an adjustable resistor, also with a known resistance. The other leg contained a resistor of fixed and known resistance and another whose resistance needed to be determined. By using a galvanometer to balance the current flowing through the two branches, Christie could, with the help of a little math, determine the value of the unknown resistor. 2) Then another British scientist, Wheatstone, came across Christies description of the instrument, which Wheatstone referred to as a differential resistance measurer. A prominent member of the Royal Society of London, Wheatstone was well-positioned to give the tool a popularity boost. He gave an account of Christies invention at an 1843 lecture, and soon after it came to be called the Wheatstone bridge was used in telegraphy and other applications. Wheatstone himself, however, gave full credit for its invention to Christie. But in translations of his lecture that appeared in Germany and France the following year, Wheatstones attribution was nowhere to be found. In addition to bringing the device to public attention, Wheatstone improved the design (Wheatstone developed the rheostat, a variable resistor) and found several new uses for it. By changing the type of elements contained in its legs, the Wheatstone bridge can determine unknown capacitances, inductances, frequencies and other properties. Besides Wheatstone, several other scientists helped extend the range of the device, including William Thomson, Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell. This sensitive, accurate method for measuring resistance is still widely used today. Theory of Wheatstone Bridge:- To understand this circuit, consider the following Figure to be two voltage dividers shown below: When the bridge is balanced, the voltages measured by V1and V2are equal, hence no current flows through the Galvanometer G in above figure. Since V1and V2are at the same voltage, the resistance ratios Rx/RSand l1/l2are equal. Because the slide wire has a uniform resistance per unit length, the length ratios l1/l2is equivalent to resistance ratio R1/R2. How Equipment of wheatstone bridge works:- [Link 8] The current flows from positive to negative through the circuit.When it reaches Point Ain the diagram, it splits and travels through either one of two Known Resistors, R1 or R2. Resistance is measured in a unit called an ohm. Here we notice that when this applet initializes, the resistance at R1 is 1 K ohm, while at R2 it is also at 1 K ohm. After the diverging currents pass through their respective resistors (R1 or R2), each reaches another fork in the road. At this point, if the bridge is not balanced, some or all of the current from either the R1 or R2 path will diverge down this middle path that bisects the square created by the circuit. The Galvanometer ispositioned on this middle path which generally tells the presence or absence of current.The direction of this current is determined by the value of the Variable Resistor(R3). Here at this time the bridge is not balanced because the ratio of resistance on the known leg (R1/R2) is not equal to the ratio on the unknown leg (R3/R4). This is where the variable resistor which is also called rheostat of the bridge comes into play. It can be adjusted until no current flows down the middle path. When that is achieved, the Galvanometer reads zero and the bridge is balanced. Achieve this balanced state by adjusting the Variable Resistorslider until the Galvanometer reads zero and no more current flows through the middle path. Notice how the arrows depicting current direction change as you manipulate the slider. The ohm value is displayed above the slider. By discovering the value of the variable resistor in the balanced bridge, you are able to determine what the unknown resistance at R4 is, with a little math: R1/R2 = R3/R4 or R4 = (R2 * R3) /R1 So by using the above formula we can easily find out the unknown electrical resistance. Derivations:- Derivation of Wheatstone Bridge:-[link 1] First, Kirchhoffs first rule is used to find the currents in junctions Band D: When then I3= Ixand I1= I2(3) Then, Kirchhoffs second rule is used for finding the voltage in the loops ABDand BCD: The bridge is balanced when Ig= 0, so the second set of equations can be rewritten as: .(1) .(2) By dividing equation 1 by 2 we get:- From the equation (3), I3= Ixand I1= I2. The desired value of Rxis now known to be given as: If all four resistor values and the supply voltage (VS) are known, the voltage across the bridge (VG) can be found by working out the voltage from each potential divider and subtracting one from the other. The equation for this is: This can be simplified to: With node B being (VG) positive, and node D being (VG) negative. Bridgeconatianing constant voltage and voltage gage :- A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances, a constant voltage input, and a voltage gage, as illustrated below. For a given voltage input Vin, the currents flowing through ABCand ADCdepend on the resistances, i.e., The voltage drops from Ato Band from Ato Dare given by, The voltage gage reading Vgcan then be obtained from, Now suppose that all resistances can change during the measurement. The corresponding change in voltage reading will be, If the bridge is initially balanced, the initial voltage reading Vgshould be zero. This yields the following relationship between the four resistances, We can use this result to simplify the previous equation that includes the changes in the resistances. Doing so results in the solution for the change in Vg, where h is defined by, Moreover, when the resistance changes are small ( which is the basic equation governing the Wheatstone bridge voltage in strain measurement. The coefficient is called the circuit efficiency. Equal-Resistance Wheatstone Bridge Circuit:- In practice, one often uses the same resistance value for all four resistors, R1= R2= R3= R4= R. Noting that r = 1 in this case, the change in voltage can be further simplified to, By thoughtfully selecting the target and reference resistances, the Wheatstone bridge circuit can amplify small changes in resistance and/or compensate for changes in temperature. How to use the Wheatstone Bridge :- In its basic application, a dc voltage (E) is applied to the Wheatstone Bridge, and a galvanometer (G) is used to monitor the balance condition. The values of R1 and R3 are precisely known, but do not have to be identical. R2 is a calibrated variable resistance, whose current value may be read from a dial or scale. An unknown resistor, RX, is connected as the fourth side of the circuit, and power is applied. R2 is adjusted until the galvanometer, G, reads zero current. At this point, RX = R2ÃÆ'-R3/R1. This circuit is most sensitive when all four resistors have similar resistance values. However, the circuit works quite well in any event. If R2 can be varied over a 10:1 resistance range and R1 is of a similar value, we can switch decade values of R3 into and out of the circuit according to the range of value we expect from RX. Using this method, we can accurately measure any value of RX by moving one multiple-position switch and adjusting one precision potentiometer. Significance of wheatstone bridge :- [link 1] The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate. Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and other quantities, such as the amount of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In many cases, the significance of measuring the unknown resistance is related to measuring the impact of some physical phenomenon such as force, temperature, pressure, etc which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those elements indirectly. Applications of Wheatstone Bridge:- [Link 6],[Link 7] A number of resistance measuring devices have been devised on the principle of wheatstone bridge.For example : 1) Meter bridge, post office box and Carey Foster bridge are instruments based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge and are used to measure unknown resistance. 2) A very common application in industry today is to monitor sensor devices such as strain gauges. Such devices change their internal resistance according to the specific level of strain (or pressure, temperature, etc.), and serve as the unknown resistor RX. However, instead of trying to constantly adjust R2 to balance the circuit, the galvanometer is replaced by a circuit that can be calibrated to record the degree of imbalance in the bridge as the value of strain or other condition being applied to the sensor. 3) A third application is used by electrical power distributors to accurately locate breaks in a power line. The method is fast and accurate, and does not require a large number of field technicians. Other applications abound in electronic circuits. Well see a number of them in action as these pages continue to expand. Bridge circuits are widely used for the measurement of resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The resistive bridge, also known as Wheatstone bridge. Links used in the Term Paper:- 1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer_%28measuring_instrument%29 3)http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/methods/wheatstone_bridge.cfm 4) http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/wheatstonebridge/index.html 5) http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/museum/wheatstonebridge.html 6) http://www.citycollegiate.com/wheatstone_bridge.htm 7) http://www.transtutors.com/physics-homework-help/current-electricity/wheatstone-bridge- and-potentiometer.aspx 8) http://reocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8341/bridge.htm

Acid Base Extraction Essay -- essays research papers

Acid Base Extraction The purpose of this laboratory assignment was two-fold, first, we were to demonstrate the extraction of acids and bases, finally, determining what unknowns were present. Second, we were to extract caffeine from tea. These two assignment will be documented in two separate entities. Introduction: Acid/base extraction involves carrying out simple acid/base reactions in order to separate strong organic acids, weak organic acids neutral organic compounds and basic organic substances. The procedure for this laboratory assignment are on the following pages. 3) Separation of Carboxylic Acid, a Phenol and a Neutral Substance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this acid/base extraction is to separate a mixture of equal parts of benzoic acid(strong acid) and 2-naphthanol(weak base) and 1,4- dimethoxybenzene(neutral) by extracting from tert-butylmethyl ether(very volatile).The goal of this experiment was to identify the three components in the mixture and to determine the percent recovery of each from the mixture. 4) Separation of a Neutral and Basic Substance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A mixture of equal parts of a neutral substance containing either naphthalene or benzoin and a basic substance containing either 4-chloroaniline or ethyl 4-aminobenzoate were to be separated by extraction from an ether solution. Once the separation took place, and crystallization was carried out, it became possible to determine what components were in the unknown mixture, by means of a melting point determination. Results Procedure Observations Inference Dissolve 3.05g Phenol Mixture was a golden-Neutral acid in 30ml brown/yellow color t-butyl methyl ether in Erlenmeyer flask and transfer mixture to 125ml separatory funnel using little ether to complete the transfer Add 10 ml of water  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organic layer=mixture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aqueous layer=water(clear) Add 10 ml saturated aqueous   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sodium bicarbonate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NaHCO3 dissolves in solution sodium bicarbonate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caffeine salicylate is a Pasteur pipette while the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  isolated(white color)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  formed. beaker is in the ice bath then vacuum filter. Caffeine beaker:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  51.61g   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -51.56g   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .05g = 50mg % yield = .05g x 100% = 20%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .25g Caffeine salicylate:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17.198g   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -17.036g   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .062g % yield = .062g x 100% = 25%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .25g Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the HPLC graph that follows, my product was very pure. The actual melting point of caffeine salicylate is 137 degree(C), my product was found to have a melting point of 138 degrees (C). As before, of course this experiment was not done completely error-free, the error is due almost entirely on human error.

Macbeth’s character Essay

It is a fair assessment of Macbeth’s character to call him nothing but a brutal and ruthless villain? In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth is a very complex character showing many different traits in his many appearances throughout the play. The story starts after a battle; Macbeth then meets three witches who foresee that he will become King of Scotland. These witches knew all about Macbeth’s fatal flaw, his greed for power. This fatal flaw, as a typical tragic hero was the cause of his downfall. There is no doubt that throughout the play Macbeth is a brutal and ruthless villain, but it is certainly questionable to say that they are his only qualities Before Macbeth is even introduced to the audience, we are already told of his capacity for brutality. The captain describes Macbeth’s actions to the king when he says, â€Å"Like Valour’s minion, carved out his passage / Till he faced the slave.† The captain goes on to say, â€Å"Which ne’er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, / Till he unseamed him from nave to chaps.† This statement also shows the brutality and barbarity of Macbeth’s character very well as he did not just end this mans life in an honourable and quick way, but instead sliced him all the way from his stomach to his jaw. Macbeth is also obviously very highly regarded among his colleagues and indeed enemies as being both brutal and brave, as the captain again says to Malcolm, â€Å"For brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name)†, showing that others thought of him as a very brave man. There is a lot of irony in this point as at this point in the play, Macbeth is being very highly regarded as being brave and ruthless, whereas later on these same qualities will lose him all his respect. As the play unfolds Macbeth finds it increasingly easy to kill innocent people, which shows clearly the ruthlessness and the brutality of his character. The first person that Macbeth kills in the play is King Duncan. Shakespeare’s audience would have taken this particular crime of regicide very seriously as they believed in divine right, that the king was chosen from God and anyone who took that power away was defying God and it was the ultimate wrong. King James would have been very pleased at this element of the play, as it showed that any person who committed regicide suffered greatly as a consequence of it. Also the fact that Macbeth murdered a King while he was sleeping and was utterly defenceless would have been seen as being very dishonourable. The most innocent of all of Macbeth’s victims of his barbarity is Lady Macduff and her son. Macbeth’s other victims are all directly blocking his path to supreme power and so one could argue that they were necessary, but Lady Macduff and her family are just a precaution that Macbeth took to try and get to Macduff. . In the scene where Lady Macduff and her son are killed, the innocence of the child is emphasised in his language and the questions that he asks his mother. When his mother questions how he will live after his father’s death he replies, â€Å"As birds do, mother†, clearly showing his naivety and vulnerability. This further enhances the barbarity, as Macbeth’s victims were so unaware of Macduff’s business and also Macbeth was not even honourable enough to do the deed himself. Although Macbeth is unaware of his fatal flaw, he still acknowledges that he is becoming more and more ruthless as the story progresses. He uses a metaphor of a river of blood to clearly show how he feels inside. Macbeth says: â€Å"I am in blood Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o’er.† By using this metaphor, Macbeth is saying that he has killed so many people now that it would be easier to carry on being ruthless and barbaric then to go back and repent. Macbeth is here admitting that he has done wrong and thinks of himself as a lost cause that has no hope of doing good ever again. Macbeth also says, â€Å"We are yet but young in deed†, suggesting that Macbeth sees the deeds he has committed so far as small in comparison to the deeds that he will commit in the future. Finally in Act Five Macbeth says that he has ‘forgotten the taste of fear, showing that because of the witches telling him that no man born of a woman can harm him, he does not fear anything anymore. The character that was the driving force behind all his wrong doings starting from the murder of King Duncan was Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth. Therefore one would imagine that when she died, Macbeth would be devastated, but in reality when she does die Macbeth shows no remorse at all. When Seyton informs Macbeth that his wife is dead, all Macbeth can say is: â€Å"She should have died hereafter: There would have been a time for such a word – Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow†. In this Shakespeare is trying to emphasis just how much Macbeth has changed throughout the book, from going from a loving husband to not even caring about the death of his wife. It is almost as if Macbeth at this point is incapable of human emotions anymore, like he has turned into the beasts that first gave him these apparitions. Macbeth is an extreme tyrannical ruler of Scotland and chooses to rule with fear rather than ruling out of respect. When Malcolm and Macduff are describing Macbeth’s rule, they use personification to emphasise the amount of damage that Macbeth is doing to Scotland. Macduff says, â€Å"Bleed, bleed, poor country, / Great tyranny. Lay thou thy basis sure.† This makes Scotland’s suffering seem human and the use of personification enhances the bad feelings that the reader has for Macbeth and also the feelings that Scotland is a victim is enhanced. Macbeth’s brutality and ruthlessness leads to him being very short of loyal followers as they all disapprove of his tyrannical ruling methods. The few that do remain do so only out of fear of what Macbeth would do if they did not obey him. When Rosse and the messenger warn Lady Macduff that Macbeth’s murderers are on the way to kill them, Rosse says, â€Å"I am so much a fool, should I stay longer† and the messenger says, â€Å"I dare abide no longer†. These two statements clearly show the fear that these men have for their lives in disobeying Macbeth. The fact that even Macbeth’s own men fear him enhances the evil feeling that the reader has for Macbeth. Shakespeare strengthens the image that Macbeth is a ruthless villain by the opinions that others have for him. In Acts 4 and 5, the English leaders refer to Macbeth as a ‘butcher’, a ‘hell-hound’ and an ‘abhorred tyrant.’ This shows the disrespect that the neighbouring countries felt for Macbeth’s reign. Shakespeare also uses pathetic fallacy to emphasise the evilness of Macbeth’s crimes, when the porter says, â€Å"This place is too cold for hell. I’ll devil-porter it / no further,† this is quite an extreme statement showing that Macbeth’s castle is even worse than hell, indicating evil and wrong doing is present in some way. All this imagery is used by Shakespeare to further add to the evil feelings that the reader has for Macbeth’s crimes against the King. It can however be argued that Macbeth has certainly not been a brutal and ruthless villain all throughout the play. Before we even meet Macbeth we are presented with a view of him being a noble man as we are told this by the king when he describes Macbeth as a ‘valiant cousin!’ and a ‘worthy gentleman!’ The captain also says ‘brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name’. These two accounts of Macbeth clearly show both the Captain and the King’s respect for Macbeth. Shakespeare builds up Macbeth like this so that when he does fall, it will be so much greater. Macbeth’s first major crime is the murder of King Duncan. Although this in itself could definitely be seen as brutal and ruthless, Macbeth did show a lot of anxiety about performing the crime before and he did show a great deal of regret after the deed. Macbeth hears knocking after he has murdered Duncan and Macbeth says, â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking: I would thou couldst,† it is apparent from this that Macbeth has certainly got a conscience, as he wished that he could reverse his actions. Shakespeare also uses a metaphor of blood on Macbeth’s hands to emphasise his guilt when Macbeth says: â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand† Macbeth is experiencing the feeling that no matter what he does, he can never wash off the stain of his guilt. Macbeth is not the only one to blame for his crimes and had it not been for Lady Macbeth it could certainly be argued that Macbeth would not have acted on any of his ideas of murder. Lady Macbeth says that Macbeth is ‘too full o’ the milk of human kindness’, using the word ‘too’ to make it sound like it was a weakness on Macbeth’s part, showing that she feels Macbeth is too pleasant to be committing these types of crimes. Also Lady Macbeth uses all her powers of persuasion to get Macbeth to do what he wants. She questions his manhood, she uses flattery when she says, â€Å"And, to be more than you what you were, you would / Be so much more the man,† and she also uses emotional blackmail to twist Macbeth’s mind. With this constant source of irritation always near him, it is no wonder that he gave in in the end. It is not surprising that Macbeth eventually gave in to his wife as she is such a powerful and dominating character in the book Shakespeare re-enforces the idea of Lady Macbeth being powerful and evil when Lady Macbeth says: â€Å"Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here† This statement makes Lady Macbeth sound like the witches and therefore enhances her evilness and domination of Macbeth. Macbeth would not be considered ruthless and brutal had it not been for the forces of evil in the three witches. Macbeth was merely a puppet in their plan. They knew his weakness for power and used it against him. They told him exactly what he wanted to hear and that consequently led to the death of the king. Macbeth would have remained faithful to king and country, if the witches had not filled his head with thoughts that he could not escape. Therefore Macbeth was not the evil and villainous one, he was merely a victim of the witch’s evil. The evil in the witches is emphasised by Shakespeare’s use of pathetic fallacy. At the beginning of the play Shakespeare says in the stage directions ‘[Thunder and lightning]’, using pathetic fallacy to make the witches seem even wicked and their power emphasised as it almost seems that they have control over the weather. As there is so many factors that show that Macbeth is not just merely a brutal and ruthless villain, it would be wrong to call Macbeth ‘nothing but’ a villain. The very fact that Macbeth is a tragic hero is evidence in itself that Macbeth has the potential for good but is merely destroyed by his fatal flaw, because tragic hero’s have to start with power and respect and gradually lose that throughout the play. This is summed up perfectly in Act 4 Scene 3 when Malcolm says: â€Å"This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongues, Was once thought honest: you have loved him well.† Despite all the crimes that Macbeth has committed, Malcolm is still saying that this was not always the case, showing further evidence that Macbeth is more than just a brutal and ruthless villain.

Kafkas Metamorphosis essays

Kafka's Metamorphosis essays "Gregor Samsa awoke from troubling dreams one morning to find that his life had remained conspicuously the same."" This - in context of the entire book - is the actual opening line of Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis. Gregor Samsa, the unfortunate protagonist and indirect narrator of the story has been "inexplicably" transformed into a bug. But quite truly, Gregor - his persona, and the role he plays - has remained quite the same. Franz Kafka's theme of isolation is very thick in this novel. Driven - by himself and by the needs of others - to work at a job he hates, Gregor is in fact a very lonely, remote individual. Before his "metamorphosis" Gregor's isolation was apparent mostly in his occupation and stature in society: he was appreciated by his family and mostly adored by his sister, Grete. After he finds himself turned into a bug, Gregor's isolation expands as he begins to accrue the resentment and disgust of others closer around him. This includes Grete, the sister who he so dearly loves. There are additionally some themes of materialism in Metamorphosis. Initially after the change, Gregor's family - including his mother - are close to him, in grief or even disgust. However, as time goes on and Gregor's change has a more lasting impression (financially), his family truly begins to distance themselves in search of material stability. Kafka's tone in this novel is decidedly calm. He treats Gregor with a certain amount of sympathy, and since the story is basically told from Gregor's vicinity, Kafka treats the Samsa family with increasing alienation. Gregor's father is at times violent, and Kafka treats any negative reaction to Gregor with a certain amount of cold indifference. What the reader sees mostly is the concept of hiding and seclusion It could be said that Metamorphosis moves from page to page in chronological movement, but this is not exactly true. Some of the very first introspection of t ...